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最新钱报(五十)《两部定价契约下基于销售努力的双渠道供应链定价与协调》.mp31:04

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今天小编分享一篇英文期刊论文《两部定价契约下基于销售努力的双渠道供应链定价与协调》,请跟小编一起来学习吧!

 

1.摘要

 

学者的这篇期刊论文是基于电商平台所写的期刊论文,学者基于销售努力和电商平台扣点费率两因素运用斯塔克博弈模型和两部定价契约对电商平台参与的双渠道供应链定价与协调进行研究。学者的摘要部分先是表明了自己的研究对象和研究方法,其次是研究过程。最后,学者写了研究结果和结论,学者的摘要写作中包含了摘要写作的四要素,其言语精炼。

This journal paper of the scholar is based on the journal paper written by the e-commerce platform. Based on the two factors of sales effort and deduction rate of the e-commerce platform, the scholar uses Stark game model and two pricing contracts to study the pricing and coordination of the dual-channel supply chain in which the e-commerce platform participates. The abstract part of the scholar first indicates his research object and research method, and then the research process. Finally, the scholar writes the research results and conclusions, and the scholar's abstract writing contains the four elements of abstract writing, and its speech is concise.

学者的关键词部分,销售努力与电商平台扣点费率是与研究对象相关的关键词,属于研究考虑的因素。两部协调定价是学者的研究方法。定价决策与双渠道供应链协调是研究对象相关的要达到的研究目标。

 

In the keyword section of scholars, sales effort and deduction rate of e-commerce platform are keywords related to the research object, which belong to the factors considered in the research. Two coordinated pricing is the research method of scholars. Pricing decision and dual channel supply chain coordination are the research objectives related to the research object.

 

将关键词与论文题目对比,学者关键词中的部分词组与题目相关。还有部分词语与文中的内容相关。因此,在关键词写作时不仅要与题目相呼应,也要包含文中的一些关键词,同时注意控制关键词的个数,一般为3-5个词语。

 

By comparing the key words with the topic of the paper, some phrases in the key words of scholars are related to the topic. Some of the words are related to the content of the text. Therefore, when writing keywords, not only to echo with the title, but also to contain some keywords in the text, and pay attention to control the number of keywords, generally 3-5 words.

 

2.引言

 

 

学者引言的开头以新冠肺炎疫情为开头,引出电子渠道乘势而来,电商渠道不断蚕食市场,传统零售行业不得不更加努力的进行销售。接着学者列举了一些传统零售行业在销售过程中努力的例子,表明传统零售行业在电商冲击下也正在不断努力。因此,学者要拿出在电商平台参与下,研究不同决策模式下基于销售努力的双渠道供应链最有定价决策问题具有重要的实践意义。

The introduction of the scholar begins with the COVID-19 epidemic, which leads to the emergence of electronic channels. E-commerce channels continue to eat into the market, and the traditional retail industry has to work harder to sell. Then scholars listed some examples of the efforts of the traditional retail industry in the sales process, indicating that the traditional retail industry is also making continuous efforts under the impact of e-commerce. Therefore, it is of great practical significance for scholars to study the optimal pricing decision of dual-channel supply chain based on sales effort under different decision-making modes with the participation of e-commerce platforms.

引言的第二、三段学者开始写文献综述,学者主要是从双渠道供应链定价决策与销售努力对供应链定价决策的影响方面进行写。学者最后一段说明上述文献采用的是批发价格契约和收益共享契约,而学者所研究的是基于两部协调定价机制下基于销售努力的双渠道供应链定价决策问题。然后进一步说明自己接下来要怎样去研究。

 

In the second and third paragraphs of the introduction, scholars begin to write literature review, mainly from the aspects of dual-channel supply chain pricing decisions and the impact of sales efforts on supply chain pricing decisions. In the last paragraph, the author explains that the above literature adopts wholesale price contract and revenue sharing contract, while the author studies the dual-channel supply chain pricing decision problem based on sales effort under the two-part coordinated pricing mechanism. Then further explain how you want to go about it.

 

学者对于文献的整理很清晰,但小编觉得学者的文献综述部门仍有可添加之处。文献综述的每一段结尾可分别总结上述文献怎么怎么样,然后发现那些方面没有做研究。学者最后一段的总结小编觉得略显简略,因此,还可再详细分析。

 

The scholars' sorting of the literature is very clear, but Xiaobian thinks that the scholars' literature review department can still be added. At the end of each paragraph of the review, you can summarize what the literature says and find out what hasn't been studied. The scholar's summary of the last paragraph is a little brief, so it can be analyzed in detail.

3.模型描述与假设

 

 

 

模型描述与假设部分不需要过多的语言修饰,描述清楚即可。学者说明研究对象是由一个生产商和一个传统零售商组成的双渠道供应链,研究目的是研究其定价决策问题。学者描述了研究过程并绘制了模型流程图,学者这一部分描述很清晰,在图中把各个参数的标注也很清晰。同时,学者也将研究假设部分罗列清楚。首先是制造商不计生产成本呢,电商平台和传统零售商不计销售成本,同时不考虑缺货,然后是制造商通过电商平台销售商品给零售商时,电商平台统一收取扣点费用。最后是产品市场需求受零售价格和销售努力水平双因素的影响。

Model description and hypothesis do not need too much language modification, description can be clear. Scholars show that the research object is a dual-channel supply chain composed of a manufacturer and a traditional retailer, and the purpose of the research is to study its pricing decision. The scholar described the research process and drew the model flow chart. The description of the scholar was very clear, and each parameter was clearly marked in the figure. At the same time, scholars also listed the research hypotheses clearly. First of all, manufacturers do not consider production costs. E-commerce platforms and traditional retailers do not consider sales costs and do not consider stock shortages. Then, when manufacturers sell goods to retailers through e-commerce platforms, e-commerce platforms uniformly charge deduction fees. Finally, product market demand is influenced by retail price and sales effort level.

 

4.模型构建与求解

 

学者的模型构建与求解部分主要是参考另一位学者的文献构建传统渠道和电子渠道的需求函数,然后对需求函数的参数进行了描述,最后得出传统零售商、制造商及整个供应链的利润函数。学者在模型构建与求解中还有一部分是属于假设的内容,小编个人觉得这部分内容可以与上一部分单独说明的假设进行揉合。

 

The model construction and solution part of the scholar mainly refers to the literature of another scholar to construct the demand function of traditional channel and electronic channel, and then describes the parameters of the demand function, and finally obtains the profit function of traditional retailers, manufacturers and the whole supply chain. Scholars in the model construction and solution is also part of the content of the hypothesis, Xiaobian personally feel that this part of the content can be integrated with the previous part of the hypothesis separately explained.

学者在分散决策情况下的情形研究的是制造商主导供应链下的情况,通过逆向归纳法求解,当电商平台收费比率满足一定条件时,生产商的利润会随着零售价格和批发价格上涨。学者同时给出建议生产商可以根据一般电商平台的收费比率标准5%-20%进行收费。同时学者得出在分散决策情形下,传统零售商提高销售努力水平,将增加消费者对传统渠道购物的好感度,从而增加其产品的市场需求量,并直接增加传统零售商的最大化利润;但是,当销售努力的水平提高到一定程度以后,提高销售努力水平对产品需求量的增加速度小于零售价格增加对产品需求量的降低速度,也即提高销售努力水平获得的利润小于提高销售努力水平产生的成本。因此,传统零售商将选择最优销售努力水平来获得最大的利润。

In the case of decentralized decision-making, scholars studied the situation under the manufacturer-led supply chain. Through backward induction, when the charging ratio of e-commerce platform meets certain conditions, the profit of manufacturers will rise along with the retail price and wholesale price. At the same time, the scholars suggest that manufacturers can charge according to the charging ratio standard of general e-commerce platform 5%-20%. At the same time, it is concluded that under the decentralized decision-making situation, the traditional retailer's promotion of sales effort will increase consumers' favorable degree to the traditional channel shopping, so as to increase the market demand for its products, and directly increase the maximum profit of the traditional retailer. However, when the sales effort level is raised to a certain extent, the increase rate of product demand by increasing the sales effort level is smaller than the decrease rate of product demand by increasing the retail price. In other words, the profit obtained by increasing the sales effort level is smaller than the cost generated by increasing the sales effort level. Therefore, the traditional retailer will choose the optimal selling effort level to maximize profit.

 

但对于生产商来说,传统零售商销售努力水平的提高,将降低消费者对电子渠道购物的好感度,造成其产品市场需求量降低,故而生产商只能通过降低电子渠道的零售价格来提高其市场需求量。两者之间的决策会存在双重边际效应。

However, for manufacturers, the improvement of the sales effort level of traditional retailers will reduce consumers' favorable degree to electronic channel shopping, resulting in a decrease in the market demand for their products, so manufacturers can only improve their market demand by reducing the retail price of electronic channels. The decision between the two will have double marginal effects.

 

学者研究了集中决策下的定价决策问题。研究发现,供应链在电子渠道和传统渠道的最优零售价格都随着传统零售商销售努力水平的提高而增大。然后学者还对两种决策下进行了比对,发下集中决策情况下供应链整体的利润要优于分散决策下供应链整体的利润。

Scholars have studied the problem of pricing decision under centralized decision. It is found that the optimal retail price in both electronic and traditional channels increases with the increase of the sales effort level of traditional retailers. Then scholars also compared the two kinds of decisions and found that the overall profit of the supply chain in the case of centralized decision is better than that in the case of decentralized decision.

然后学者将两部定价契约协调与收益共享契约进行比较,表明采用收益共享契约更优于生产商实现供应链的纵向调整。

Then scholars compare the coordination of the two pricing contracts with the revenue sharing contract and show that the revenue sharing contract is better than the manufacturer to realize the vertical adjustment of the supply chain.

学者这部分利用两部定价契约进行协调,生产商可以采用两部协调定价机制,生产商首先向传统零售商收取固定的费用(可以看出加盟费),然后再根据产品市场需求量确定单位产品的批发价格。同时,学者举例现在有不少企业采用两部定价契约进行协调。通过两部定价契约协调发现,两部定价契约可以使供应链整体利润最大化,同时也是生产商和零售商的利润高于分散决策的情况。

 

The academics used two pricing contracts to coordinate,The manufacturer can adopt two coordinated pricing mechanisms. The manufacturer firstly charges a fixed fee to the traditional retailer (as can be seen from the franchise fee), and then determines the wholesale price of the unit product according to the market demand of the product. At the same time, scholars exemplifies that many enterprises now adopt two pricing contracts for coordination. Through the coordination of the two pricing contracts, it is found that the two pricing contracts can maximize the overall profit of the supply chain, and it is also the case that the profits of manufacturers and retailers are higher than those of decentralized decisions.

5.数值分析

 

 

数值分析部分学者主要是根据考虑的两个因素进行的分析,一个是销售灵敏度的敏感性分析,一个是扣点费率参数灵敏度分析。在销售灵敏度敏感分析方面:当销售努力对产品市场需求影响较小时,供应链整体利润随着销售努力水平的提高而增加,当销售努力水平提高到一定程度以后,供应链整体利润会随着销售努力水平的提高而下降。因此,在实际的供应链决策中,存在最优的销售努力水平使供应链利润最大化,并且集中决策下最优销售努力水平大于分散决策时的最优销售努力水平。在使用两部定价契约之后发现:生产商则通过降低批发价格来实现供应链整体利润的最优化。传统零售商通过提高销售努力水平来增大传统渠道零售价格从而实现利润的在最大化,可以发现协调决策减弱了销售努力水平提高对最优零售价格增大的影响。在扣点费率参数灵敏度分析方面:电商平台扣点费率的增大造成供应链双重边际效应逾明显。

In the numerical analysis part, scholars mainly conducted the analysis based on two factors considered, one is the sensitivity analysis of sales sensitivity, and the other is the sensitivity analysis of deduction point rate parameter. In the aspect of sales sensitivity sensitivity analysis, when the impact of sales effort on product market demand is small, the overall profit of the supply chain will increase with the improvement of sales effort level, and when the sales effort level increases to a certain extent, the overall profit of the supply chain will decrease with the improvement of sales effort level. Therefore, in actual supply chain decision-making, there is an optimal sales effort level to maximize supply chain profit, and the optimal sales effort level under centralized decision-making is greater than the optimal sales effort level under decentralized decision-making. After using two pricing contracts, it is found that manufacturers can optimize the overall profit of the supply chain by reducing the wholesale price. Traditional retailers increase the retail price of traditional channels by improving the sales effort level so as to maximize the profit. It can be found that the coordination decision weakens the influence of the increase of sales effort level on the increase of the optimal retail price. In terms of sensitivity analysis of deduction rate parameter, the increase of deduction rate of e-commerce platform causes more obvious double marginal effect of supply chain.

6.结束语

 

 

结论部分学者先是回顾了研究过程,其次是分三条说明自己的研究结论。分别是从整体到销售努力角度到带你上平台扣点费率角度写研究结论。最后提出研究不足与进一步的研究方向,研究不足在于学者研究时只是将电商平台扣点费率作为一个外生变量来分析,并且供应链成员包括生产商和传统零售商,没有将电子商务平台作为一个决策者纳入供应链定价决策范畴内。进一步的研究方向在于进一步考虑考虑由生产商、传统零售商和电商平台组成的三元供应链的定价决策模型。

 

The conclusion part of the scholars first reviewed the research process, followed by three points to explain their own research conclusions. Write the research conclusions from the overall perspective to the sales effort perspective to the point of view of bringing you to the platform. Finally, this paper proposes the research shortcomings and further research directions. The research shortcomings lie in that scholars only analyze the deduction rate of e-commerce platform as an exogenous variable, and the supply chain members include manufacturers and traditional retailers, without taking e-commerce platform as a decision maker into the category of supply chain pricing decision. The further research direction is to further consider the pricing decision model of the ternary supply chain composed of manufacturers, traditional retailers and e-commerce platforms.

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参考资料:谷歌翻译

参考文献:[1] 黄红伟,陈振颂,吴胜,焦健锋,王先甲.两部定价契约下基于销售努力的双渠道供应链定价与协调

本文由LearningYard学苑整理并发出,如有侵权请在后台留言!

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文案 | Qian

排版 | Qian

审核 | Tian

文/福布斯中国

11月11日24点,一年一度的双11画上了第14个句号。与往年相比,今年的双11开局低调,结局平淡。猫狗没有办晚会,没有以秒为单位刷新的数据,“双十一”词条更是处在微博热搜榜低位。舞台上的平台、商家、消费者黯然。即使这场购物狂欢已谢幕3天,依然有人在追问:双11变了,我们还需不需要这样一个和普通促销日越来越像的全民购物节?

“没有GMV,不用再等了。”一位接近天猫的内部人士在11月11日23时向福布斯中国透露。

不同于曾经两大平台的隔空打擂,今年天猫京东双方均未公布GMV,而是低调笼统表述双11战绩:“稳中向好”“再创佳绩”。走过GMV疯狂增长的岁月,在流量和销量中、增量和存量里,平台和商家变化了思路——舍前者,取后者。这不仅是基于当下经济形势,在不确定中寻找确定性的新选择,也是电商行至今日必然的返璞归真。

“双11不止是一次活动,更是能量的场……所以我们把每年双11都看作是系列感的、有延续的一个整体。”三顿半创始人兼CEO吴骏在2022天猫双11全球狂欢季上的发言,从商家的角度揭开了双11乃至电商行业的变化趋势。

消费行为被描述为能量场域,一定程度上证明了这是一个有关长期的故事。在整个互联网红利见顶的大环境下,多元商家,多平台混战,用户增量空间趋近天花板,商业进入存量竞争时代,已成为行业共识,需要更新战略与理念。

今年早些时候,淘宝天猫产业发展及运营中心总裁吹雪曾公开表示,今年双11最重要的是两个方面,一是消费者体验,二是商家的用户增长。而这正好与淘宝天猫“从交易走向消费”战略的核心举措一一对应——往前,做深消费决策内容,往后,做好售后、物流和履约。

过去,新媒体语言、新达人种草、新主播安利以及新疫情的环境让消费行为变得情绪化。滤镜褪去后,理性客观占据上风,曾经的新消费正逐渐过渡到价值消费。但只有“价”是不够的,还要不断提升“值”——性价比、实用度、增值服务和情绪价值。

以增值为交付目标,以增效实现可持续增长,为用户提供更全面的服务和更好的体验,逐渐成为行业的共识。流量带来的增速是短暂的,对电商们来说,实质竞争最后都会走到供应链竞争上。考验的是其后端供应链、产品品质、履约服务的实力。这是一场从线上回归实体的竞赛,也是平台和商家真正需要静心沉淀、打磨内功的“能量”。

走过14年,双11的“边际效应”递减,GMV失效后,也许双11在未来会变成一个普通的促销活动,但它蕴藏的启示却是长久的。当我们重新审视今年的双11,会发现这是一场从高速增长到高质量发展的转变。消费行为不会只在双11这一天爆发,而是作为能量持续弥散,为平台和商家提供长期主义视野的经营理念和经营哲学——增长,不一定留存数字变化,而在蓄势中厚积薄发。

 

 

 

 

 

最新钱报(三十四)精读硕士论文学习写作(1).mp31:38

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今天小编分享一篇硕士论文《促销努力影响下供应链契约协调研究》,我们先来学习硕士论文的摘要与第一章节部分,请读者跟小编一起来学习吧!

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1

摘要

 

这篇论文的摘要部分为四段式,与以往三段式的摘要不同点在于学者将自己的研究创新点和研究意义单独成段进行描述,学者摘要的第一段从研究背景突出研究主题为研究收益共享契约对促销努力的供应链的协调。第二段则是具体研究过程的概括,运用了文献研究法、定量分析法、斯塔克伯格博弈方法,研究双渠道供应链下收益共享契约对供应商和零售商之间的协调问题。第三段学者介绍了自己的研究结论,第四段则是表明自己的创新之处与研究意义。

学者的关键词包含研究方法、研究对象,研究考虑因素三部分,关键词的个数适中,小编个人认为以“单渠道供应链”作为关键词有待商榷。

The summary part of this paper is four -segment. The difference from the previous three -segment formation is that scholars describe their research innovation points and research significance alone. Research on the coordination of the supply chain of the promotion efforts of the income sharing contract. The second paragraph is the summary of the specific research process. It uses the literature research method, quantitative analysis method, and Stakberg game method to study the coordination of the income sharing contract under the dual channel supply chain to the supplier and retailers. The third paragraph introduces his research conclusions, and the fourth paragraph shows his innovation and research significance.

 

The keywords of the scholars include research methods and research objects. The research considerations are three parts, and the number of keywords is moderate. The editor personally believes that the "single -channel supply chain" as the keyword is about to be questioned.

 

2

绪论

 

 

 

 

绪论部分就是我们写开题报告的那一部分,如果开题报告写得好,论文题目有研究意义与可行性,那么写好开题报告部分就不用怎么担心绪论部分,把论文写作核心放到论文核心章节去。学者的研究背景写作逻辑在于先引出零售商和供应商均有可能做出促销努力,然后引出双渠道模式以各自权力为中心容易出现“双重边际效应”,再进一步引出收益共享契约,收益共享契约相对其他契约的优势。最后总结出本文接下来研究什么问题:1.一是考虑网络直销渠道时,如何设置合理的收益共享契约机制可以尽可能地减 少供应链渠道之间的利益冲突;2.如何设置合理的参数,有效地对供应商和零售商之 间的进行利润分配;3.产品需求受销售努力影响情行下,怎样使收益共享契约发挥作用。

The content part is the part of our writing report. If the opening report is well written and the thesis topic has research significance and feasibility, then you do n’t need to worry about the content of the discussion on writing the report. Essence Scholars' research background writing logic is that both retailers and suppliers may make promotional efforts, and then lead the dual -channel model with their respective power as the center. Compared with the advantages of other contracts. Finally, we will summarize what issues do you study in this article: 1. First, how to set up a reasonable income sharing contract mechanism when considering the direct sales channel of the network can reduce the conflicts of interest between the supply chain channels as much as possible; Effectively distribute the profitability between suppliers and retailers; 3. How product demand is affected by sales efforts, how to make income sharing contracts play a role.

 

3

国内外研究现状

 

 

 

 

学者的国内外文献综述部分的拆分是根据供应链和考虑促销努力的供应链研究现状两个关键词进行拆分的,然后学者再将供应链细分为单渠道供应链(信息协调机制和契约协调机制),双渠道供应链(价格与库存、服务、渠道协调)进行分类。学者将考虑促销努力的供应链关键词又细分为单渠道促销努力的供应链和双渠道考虑促销努力的供应链。

小编个人认为对于国内外文献综述的划分我们可以根据我们的题目进行拆分关键词,进行一个文献综述的整理和评述,这种方式相对于学者的方式来说更清晰直观。

The split of the scholars' domestic and foreign literature review parts are split on the two keywords based on the current status of the supply chain research on the supply chain and the efforts of promotion, and then the scholars will divide the supply chain into a single channel supply chain (information coordination mechanism and information coordination mechanism and information coordination mechanism and information coordination mechanism and Contract coordination mechanism), dual channel supply chain (price, inventory, service, channel coordination) is classified. Scholars will consider the supply chain of the supply chain in the promotional woman and subdivide the supply chain and dual channels to consider the supply chain of promotional efforts.

 

I personally believe that we can split keywords according to our topic for the division of domestic and foreign literature reviews, and conduct a review and evaluation of a literature review. This method is clearer and intuitive than scholars' way.

 

4

研究现状评述

研究现状评述是对文献综述的评述。通过对文献综述的总结得出以往学者在这些研究方向集中在那里方面,还有那些方面尚未考虑,进一步突出学者的研究问题的研究和研究方向。我们再写文献综述时需要对文献进行按关键词,时间线归类总结,有助于在文献评述时发现问题。

Research status evaluation is a review of the literature review. Through the summary of the literature review, the previous scholars are concentrated in these research directions, and there are still those aspects that have not been considered to further highlight the research and research direction of scholars' research issues. When we write a literature review, we need to press keywords for the literature. The timeline classification summary can help find problems during the literature review.

5

研究内容与方法

 

学者的研究内容部分时按照章节顺序来写的,其中第三、四、五部分是本文的核心,其中第三部分是从理论上分析收益共享契约模型,第四部分是考虑零售商需求量受促销努力水平影响下研究在收益共享契约下进行改进实现供应链的协调。第五部分是在集中决策和分散决策下情况下运用改进的收益共享契约进行协调。

The scholars' research content is written in the order in order. The third, fourth, and fifth parts are the core of this article. Under the influence of the level of promotional efforts, research will be coordinated to improve the supply chain under the income sharing contract. The fifth part is to coordinate the use of improved income sharing contracts under the circumstances of the concentrated decision -making and decentralized decision -making.

6

研究方法

研究方法部分是介绍论文中应用了那些研究方法。其中包括文献研究法、定量分析法、斯塔克博弈分析,学者对研究方法进行了介绍,读者觉得有用可参考。

The research method part is to introduce those research methods in the paper. This includes literature research method, quantitative analysis method, and Stark's game analysis. Scholars introduced the research methods, and readers felt that it was useful to refer to.

7

研究技术路线

学者研究技术路线是小编认为硕士论文中国较为清晰的研究技术路线图,其中包括研究路线、研究问题,研究内容,有的还加上研究方法。

Scholars' research technical routes are the clearer research technical route maps that Xiaobian believes that the master's thesis China, including research routes, research issues, research content, and some also add research methods.

8

研究的创新点

 

研究创新点学者将其归为研究对象创新和研究方法传销滚,研究对象创新在于从零售渠道与网络直销渠道并存的两渠道协调角度进行研究,且考虑努力水平。研究方法的创新在于学者对收益共享契约进行了改进。学者的创新点简单明了,表述清晰。

Research and innovation points have attributed it as a research object innovation and research method. MLM rolling. The research object innovation is to study the two channels coexisting from retail channels and online direct sales channels, and consider the level of effort. The innovation of the research method is that scholars have improved the income sharing contract. Scholars' innovation points are simple and clear, and their expressions are clear.

 

今天的分享就到这里了。

如果您对今天的文章有独特的想法,

欢迎给我们留言,

让我们相约明天,

祝您今天过得开心快乐!

 

That's it for today's sharing.

If you have a unique idea about today’s article,

Welcome to leave us a message,

Let us meet tomorrow,

I wish you a happy day today!

参考资料:谷歌翻译

参考文献:[1]冀雪娟. 促销努力影响下供应链契约协调研究[D].太原理工大学,2017.

本文由LearningYard学苑整理并发出,如有侵权请在后台留言!

在街上买东西,你会被什么样的广告语或营销话术所吸引呢?本文作者从【买点营销】的角度,对营销的用户心理展开分析,希望对你有帮助。

买和卖,营销中最常见的行为,一体两面,就像力学中有作用力就一定会有反作用力,常被人们当做是同一件事。

因此在【卖点】已经在营销圈横行数十年的情况下,再提出【买点营销】更像是个伪命题。不过是把对象和语序做了调换,给卖点换了套新说辞,玩了个文字游戏罢了。

现实当真如此吗?

不妨先做个测试。

如果你是一名水果摊的小贩,要如何吆喝来招揽生意呢?

你是会喊“卖水果喽~”还是会喊“买水果喽~”呢?

乍一看两者根本没差?但是销售结果上却截然不同!不信?让我们来还原下消费者听到两种吆喝时的内心活动吧~

商贩A吆喝:卖水果喽~又大又甜,不好吃不要钱~

消费者内心:哦,原来这家是卖水果的(品质还可以)—括号内的信息可能直接忽略

商贩B吆喝:这位靓仔/靓女,买水果吧!又大又甜,不好吃我退你钱~

消费者内心:你在喊我?我要买水果了吗?有那么好吃吗?你能退我多少钱?

比较下来哪个商贩更容易卖货?无疑是商贩B。

因为从他开始吆喝“这位靓仔/靓女”的那一刻起,消费者思维意识就被唤醒了,紧接着大脑开始收集信息,商贩B的种种信息开始激活大脑的思考和欲望,最终做出决策。

反观商贩A的吆喝呢?除非消费者是专程购买水果目的而来,不然这种吆喝大概率会沦为消费者大脑潜意识里,嘈杂环境中的某个噪音罢了(知识点1鸡尾酒会效应)。毕竟市场里卖水果也好,卖水龙头也罢,叫卖声此起彼伏,但又与我何干呢?

借助这个情境模拟,无非是向你展示买点营销第一准则——只有传递到消费者耳边且能激发他思考意识的信息,才是更有效的推广信息。而对消费者来说,最能激发他意识的莫过于——这事对我有啥好处呢——消费者受益!

进展到这儿定会有人反驳,卖点不正是如此?卖点概念本就代表着商品的优势和特点,以及对消费者独特的利益承诺(USP)!以及大家耳熟能详的那句:

没人想要一把四分之一英寸长的电锯,他们想要的是四分之一英寸的洞!

但问题是,时至今日仍固守着USP卖点法还够有效吗?

让我们再做一个情境测试吧。

如果你是一个学过营销的水果商贩,这次售卖的是来自赣南的、有[国家地理标志]的有机脐橙,你又准备怎样吆喝呢?

如果采用商品售卖的卖点思维,你会非常驾轻就熟地提炼出一个卖点USP,然后再把卖点转化成消费者容易接收的话术(吆喝)……这波操作应该是教科书级的标准流程了。

可惜,消费者会乖乖买账吗?兴许直到消费者付账走人后,你仍不知道这颗橙子他到底因为哪个理由而买的。

你可以把赣南、国家地理标志当做是产品的USP卖点,但是——

  • 在高端社区的超市里,消费者看重的是“有机无公害”;
  • 当你在健身房旁售卖时,消费者看重的是“健康富含维他命C”;
  • 当你在景区山顶售卖时,消费者购买就因为它“生津止渴鲜美多汁”
  • 当你在驾校考场售卖时,可能消费者就是想买个“一定橙”的好彩头
  • ……

看到自己辛苦培育认证的“国家地理标志有机橙”竟然被消费者当成图个吉利的“锦鲤”购买时,不少市场人会大为震惊,亦或心中暗骂消费者不识货,看不出产品真正的好……

但你可否想过,消费者购买行为并没那么多理性跟复杂,他们就是单纯为”他们觉得值”的商品买单而已。这个现象就是买点第二准则——很多时候,消费者的真实购买动机并不是商家主推的卖点。也就是说,就算商家卖了很多产品,但仍有可能根本不知道消费者因何而买!

再说个真实案例,小马宋曾介绍过他服务的一款英国小皮儿童常温酸奶,最初宣传主打有机好食材、营养成分等等,但妈妈们对此反应一般。后来他们实地走访了某城线下商超的销冠后发现,这名销售员介绍商品时,提到“常温酸奶对宝宝肚子好,不会着凉”这一理由,就能说服很多妈妈购买。

可见一款产品最独特的卖点,未必就是消费者动心掏钱的买点。

那为什么卖点会时效呢?是营销策划们不够努力吗?

我们再看一个例子。

这恰巧是在同一座商场(凯德Mall)的两家全国性餐饮连锁品牌的商家,他们一家主打“鱼水饺”,一家主打“虾水饺”,自身特点和优势都很明显,可以说是天生的冤家对手。

这里先不谈口味和品质,仅仅凭一块商场广告牌就能看出两家市场部在思维意识上的差距。很巧的是这两个商家的广告牌也挨在一起,都是在凯德Mall商场的后身,紧邻两座写字楼。

单看“鱼水饺”家的广告似乎没什么问题,诉求清晰,设计精美,整体风格也保持统一,还细心地在广告柱的两面放了两盘不同的主打水饺产品,算得上合格。

而“虾水饺”商家则直接打出了“今天午餐吃点啥?”“现包现煮/上餐快速”,在广告柱侧面才是他们品牌全国统一的视觉画面和“东北虾仁水饺代表”的定位描述。很多做餐饮总部的营销人都会觉得这家店自己主动把“虾仁”水饺的“核心卖点”弱化掉实在不该。

但多数中午路过的消费者会更容易选择谁呢?这家”弱化卖点、强化买点”的虾水饺商家最终胜出并不意外吧?

之所以说虾水饺是靠”买点营销”,答案就在前文陈述中—广告牌立在商场后身紧邻两座写字楼。这就意味着休息日逛街的消费者能路过这组广告牌的几率不大,反而更多经过的人都是每天中午从写字楼倾泻而出,急匆匆奔进商场吃午餐的白领们。

虽然”鱼水饺”五颜六色种类丰富,但很少有人会认为自己在工作午餐时必须要”尝尝青岛特色”。更多打工人在意的是,吃好点又别耽误上班,这才是真正的买点,从”中午吃点啥”到”上餐快速”也让消费者的意识产生了互动和决策

我相信这家具备”买点”意识的鱼水饺商家,如果在正门还有另一块广告牌的话,一定会跟现在这版的”买点”不同。

反观鱼水饺的营销策划呢?大可以继续理直气壮地说,保持全国卖点统一、有助于品牌一致性的官方说辞,进而让一家家终端商铺在竞争中错失良机,叫苦不迭。

市场推广中的第一念头到底该整齐划一还是各自为战?其实引出了买点营销第三定律——卖点往往对应着产品思维,而买点背后则是场景下的消费者思维

一般来说产品出厂后基本就是固定的,产品的特性固定意味着产品”卖点”也是固定的。

反观消费者,永远是动态多变的,在不同场景下的需求和行为方式也是不断变化,因此以消费者需求为出发点的”买点营销”就变得不断迭代,充满变化。

还记得东方甄选四袋大米的段子吗?

第一次进直播间的时候,董宇辉在卖大米,说你后来吃过很多菜,但是那些菜都没有味道,因为你每次吃菜的时候都得回答问题,都得迎来送往,都得小心翼翼,你不放松,你还是怀念回到家里头炒一盘土豆丝,炒一盘麻婆豆腐炒一个西红柿鸡蛋,那个饭吃的真让人舒服;

第二次进直播间的时候,他还在卖大米,说我想把天空大海给你,把大江大河给你,没办法好的东西就是想分享于你,譬如朝露譬如晚霞,譬如三月的风六月的雨,譬如九月的天和十二月的雪,世间美好都想赠予于你,你对我的好就像这盛夏一样,就像我所用莎士比亚那句诗叫做“shall i compose it in the summer’s day”,“我是否可以将你比作夏日”,又买了一单;

第三次进直播间他还是在卖大米,说我没有带你看过长白山皑皑的白雪,没有带你去感受过十月田间吹过的微风,没有带你看过沉甸甸弯下腰犹如智者一般的谷穗,我没有带你去见证过这一切,但是亲爱的我想让你品尝这样的大米,又买了一单;

第四次进东方甄选直播间他董宇辉还是在卖大米,他提到说他当老师的时候,对自己有职业要求,他希望每一次出现在镜头前是清醒的、是振奋的、是心态良好的,不管他上一秒还在处理生活中怎么样的苟且和痛苦,他都希望自己西装革履的,那样的站在孩子面前,给孩子一种关于美的启迪,希望让孩子们通过他不怎么搭配的着装,让孩子们感受到我很重视你,也许是这种对于职业的敬畏感和热爱打动了人心,所以又买了大米。

虽然是段子,但不难看出董宇辉用了四种不同的买点来说服消费者购买。甚至消费者都不关心他售卖的五常大米跟其他家在产品功能上有啥不同。

把东北大米跟莎士比亚放在一起营销,可能是很多市场人之前连想都不敢想的事。

总结来说,一旦具备了”买点”思维,你就能够重新去思考每一次市场行为,小到节点促销,大到新品策略,甚至是企业的商业模式,买点思维都带来不少新启发。

1. 促销应用:加盟店到底该不该参与蜜雪冰城得夏季促销

我们都知道蜜雪冰城的市场策略一直属于价格杀手,所以每当品牌总部想推广全国活动时加盟商会常常陷入两难的窘境。

既想搭上总部的全国流量便车,又担心本就便宜的商品再参加个团购秒杀就卖多赔多……

本质上,这就是加盟商没有想明白自己的主流客群到底为什么买。

比如成熟的校区店,学生客群及其消费行为本就比较固定(每日零花钱能买什么都是算好的),这时候降价促销只会让原有老顾客薅了羊毛,很难带来新顾客或是保障更高频保本的复购行为。

所以校区店与其参与单品打折活动,不如去参加”520领情侣证”,或是”集满6杯送1杯”的活动。

同样,如果是商业街店,消费者就算是经常来逛街,也很难对连锁品牌的某一家电有高忠诚度可言(饮品店本就是满街可见),自然也不会对集点卡多感冒,他们更多是随机冲动消费,路过-被吸引-购买,一气呵成。

所以商业街店参与”第二杯半价”、”免费升杯”、”1元加珍珠”一类的促销活动,能更好带动销量,也能靠边际效应增加利润值(知识点2:成本边际效应)。

具备了买点思维,单独分析某一类店的营销决策对市场人来说应该都不难。难就难在,如果你是品牌总部的市场负责人,当你在制定全国性活动时,是否会主动考虑到面向不同的消费者群购买行为,来设定不同的活动套餐,既激发加盟商参与,又能确保加盟商能多赚钱呢?

2. 新品应用:买点营销,不同场景下的迭代优化

所有企业对新品上市都是倍加期待的,希望市场部(定位和USP)能一击即中,产品(推广)一炮而红,继而(销售)一劳永逸……

这本是老板的美好愿望,但很多卖点营销思维下的市场人却把它当成了唯一的答案,觉得三板斧抡下去要是砸不出个声响,要么是是产品太垃圾,要么就是自己该卷铺盖走人。

事实上,成熟营销人应该意识到商品=产品+买点。产品推出市场只是第一步,如何在各类场景下找到消费者买点,使之达成购买,才算是真正的商品。

比如一种药品往往具备多重功效,营销人的使命不是找到一个最突出的功能,而是要找到一个利润更高的场景,推动消费者产生购买。

比如西地那非,起初是为治疗心脏病研发,但后期发现它对男性更有帮助,于是就有了一个新的商品名—伟哥;同时在户外运动族群圈层里,西地那非是每个登山爱好者行囊里必备药品,因为它能治疗高山病……而现在医药共识正努力证明西地那非还有治疗癌症的功效……

同一种产品在不同场景下的购买理由和购买议价力也完全不同,药品如此,汽车等大总消费如此,快消品更是如此。

与之类似的是互联网效果广告和AB测试,在游戏行业,公司从来不会把自己的买点广告限定得一成不变,可以打怀旧情怀牌,可以是明星高呼是兄弟就来砍我,可以是挂机自动升级,可以是金币回收换钱……总之,消费者喜欢什么,我就提及投放什么,还要是某个点能促使消费者购买,那这个点就是游戏的核心点。

这个行为也验证了买点营销第四准则:”买点”的万变,是对消费者和市场动态的积极反馈。

虽然说起来简单,但作为营销负责人的你,敢在下一次新品上市时对老板说,不为产品限定卖点,而是不断寻求拓展市场业务的买点吗?

3. 商业模式:激发更多创新思维下的新生意

当你真正去观察和思考消费者的行为、场景和需求后,就会发现很多看起来相去甚远的模式在买点的契合下,组合起来异常和谐,还能创造出更多全新商业模式。

想想看,消费者对鞋子的买点会是什么?

除了穿着的轻便舒适外,鞋子其实还是消费者用来展示自我个性的载体介质,继续思考下去这种自我展现,可不仅仅是时尚而已。

TOMS Shoes就开创了全新商业模式,创始人布雷克·麦考斯在品牌创立之初,就承诺“消费者每买一双鞋子,品牌就为全球贫困地区儿童捐一双鞋。”正是靠着这样一个创新的”买点”,TOMS Shoes引发大批好莱坞明星购买和街拍,除了穿着舒适外更重要的是,消费者购买的是”可日常穿戴,容易被认出的公益爱心符号”。

购买一双舒适的还能让大家都知道你是一个热心公益的人,这简直不要太直观、太划算!

就这样,TOMS Shoes从06年至今,已经在全球70多个国家提供服务,累计为全球儿童送出70,000,000双鞋,成为著名休闲鞋履品牌。

与之类似,还有在抖音小红书上频频出圈的“联合国戒指”。很多年轻人为了获得这枚戒指,会持续性地为联合国儿童基金会每月捐款,这种捐助的主动性和愉悦感要比某十字的劝捐要高得多。

阐释完买点营销的特点和价值后,再来回答一个常见的疑问:放弃一成不变的卖点营销,采用不断变化的”买点营销”会让品牌丧失形象和认知的统一性吗?

很多营销人在接触买点后都会担忧,买点诉求不断变化,品牌形象就很难保障统一性了。这其实是个纸上谈兵的担忧。因为品牌是根植于消费者认知中的,而消费者对品牌的认知往往又是通过多个渠道长期塑造形成的,在这期间甚至是不断变化的。

就像是一段关系中的二人会随着交往深入发现更多的”新认知”,因此品牌商应该要牢记的是,在品牌塑造过程中,必须找到品牌形象的框架边界,知道”哪些营销不能做”远比知道”哪些能做”更重要。

最后,希望每位营销人到此都可以放下手机认真思考,你的消费者到底为什么买?还有哪些买点可以让更多的消费者开始买!

知识点附录:

1.鸡尾酒会效应:是一种常见的心理学现象,是指人的一种听力选择能力,在这种情况下,注意力集中在某一个人的谈话之中而忽略背景中其他的对话或噪音。该效应揭示了人类听觉系统中令人惊奇的能力,即我们可以在噪声中谈话。”

2.成本边际效应:在经济学中,多增加一个单位的产量带来的成本就称为边际成本。一般来说饮品店的边际成本一定要比获客成本更低。所以让到点用户买的多,纵使有一定折扣,也更为划算。

本文由 @刘欣 原创发布于人人都是产品经理。未经许可,禁止转载

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